TKinter
Python 的 GUI 库非常多，之所以选择 Tkinter，一是最为简单，二是自带库，不需下载安装，随时使用，跨平台兼容性非常好，三则是从需求出发的，Python 在实际应用中极少用于开发复杂的桌面应用，毕竟，Python 的各种 GUI 工具包都“一般得很”，不具备优势。
案例一
Label & Button 标签和按钮
import tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk() # 实例化Tk
window.title("muy window") # 设置标题
window.geometry("200x100") # 设置窗口的大小
var1 = tk.StringVar() # 定义tk变量
l1 = tk.Label(window, textvariable=var1, bg="green", font=("Arial", 12), width=15, height=2) # 设置标签，内容显示为var1变量
l1.pack() # 摆放这个标签
hit_me1 = False
def hit_me():
global hit_me1
if not hit_me1:
hit_me1 = True
var1.set("this is tk") # 给变量赋值
else:
hit_me1 = False
var1.set("this is tk, too")
b1 = tk.Button(window, text="hit me", width=15, height=2, command=hit_me) # 点击按钮，运行hit_me这个函数
b1.pack()
window.mainloop() # 显示窗口案例二
Entry & Text 输入和文本框
import tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk() # 实例化Tk
window.title("muy window") # 设置标题
window.geometry("200x150") # 设置窗口的大小
e = tk.Entry(window, show=None) # 如果输入密码的话，show="*"
e.pack()
def insert_point():
var = e.get() # 得到文本输入框的值
t.insert("insert", var) # 文本放到光标位置
def insert_end():
var = e.get()
t.insert("end", var) # 将文本放到文本框的末尾
# t.insert(1.1, var) # 将文本放到第一行第一列
b1 = tk.Button(window, text="insert point", width=15, height=2, command=insert_point).pack() # 定义一个按钮，显示在光标位置插入文本
b2 = tk.Button(window, text="insert end", width=15, height=2, command=insert_end).pack() # 在末尾出插入
t = tk.Text(window, height=2, width=15)
t.pack() # 注意不能一行写完，pack要写在下一行
window.mainloop() # 显示窗口案例三
Listbox 部件
import tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk() # 实例化Tk
window.title("muy window") # 设置标题
window.geometry("200x150") # 设置窗口的大小
var1 = tk.StringVar()
l = tk.Label(window, bg="yellow", width=4, textvariable=var1)
l.pack()
def print_selection():
var = lb.get(lb.curselection()) # 得到鼠标点击的内容
var1.set(var) # 将值赋值给var1
b1 = tk.Button(window, text="insert point", width=15, height=2,
command=print_selection).pack() # 定义一个按钮，显示在光标位置插入文本
var2 = tk.StringVar() # 存储可迭代对象的值
var2.set((1, 2, 3, 4)) # 列表也可，设置初始值
lb = tk.Listbox(window, listvariable=var2)
list_item = [1, 2, 11, 54]
for i in list_item:
lb.insert("end", i) # 向列表框中插入值
lb.delete(1) # 删除下标索引为2的值
lb.pack()
window.mainloop() # 显示窗口案例四
Radiobutton 选择按钮
import tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk() # 实例化Tk
window.title("muy window") # 设置标题
window.geometry("200x150") # 设置窗口的大小
var1 = tk.StringVar()
l = tk.Label(window, bg="yellow", width=15)
l.pack()
def print_selection():
l.config(text=f"you have select {var1.get()}") # 将text重新赋值
rad1 = tk.Radiobutton(window, text="select a", variable=var1, value="A",
command=print_selection).pack() # variable=var1, value="A" 的意思是，将var1赋值成A
rad2 = tk.Radiobutton(window, text="select b", variable=var1, value="B", command=print_selection).pack()
rad3 = tk.Radiobutton(window, text="select c", variable=var1, value="C", command=print_selection).pack()
window.mainloop() # 显示窗口 案例五
Scale 尺度
import tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk() # 实例化Tk
window.title("muy window") # 设置标题
window.geometry("200x150") # 设置窗口的大小
l = tk.Label(window, bg="yellow", width=15)
l.pack()
def print_selection(v): # Scale调用函数，其有自动的传入值
l.config(text=f"you have select {v}")
s = tk.Scale(window, label="try me", from_=5, to=11, orient=tk.HORIZONTAL,
length=200, showvalue=0, tickinterval=3, resolution=0.01, command=print_selection)
# label设置名字，from to 设置刻度，orient设置方向，length设置长度，showvalue展示的值，tickinterval刻度，resolution精度
s.pack()
window.mainloop() # 显示窗口案例六
Checkbutton 勾选项
import tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk() # 实例化Tk
window.title("muy window") # 设置标题
window.geometry("200x150") # 设置窗口的大小
l = tk.Label(window, bg="yellow", width=15, text="empty")
l.pack()
def print_selection(): # Scale调用函数，其有自动的传入值
if (var1.get() == 1) & (var2.get() == 0):
l.config(text="i love python")
elif (var1.get() == 1) & (var2.get() == 1):
l.config(text="i love both")
elif (var1.get() == 0) & (var2.get() == 1):
l.config(text="i love C++")
else:
l.config(text="i don't love either")
var1 = tk.IntVar()
var2 = tk.IntVar()
cl = tk.Checkbutton(window, text="Python", variable=var1, onvalue=1, offvalue=0
, command=print_selection) # 选择var1的值为1，否则为0
c2 = tk.Checkbutton(window, text="C++", variable=var2, onvalue=1, offvalue=0
, command=print_selection)
cl.pack()
c2.pack()
window.mainloop() # 显示窗口案例七
Canvas 画布
import tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk() # 实例化Tk
window.title("muy window") # 设置标题
window.geometry("200x200") # 设置窗口的大小
canvas = tk.Canvas(window, bg="blue", height=100, width=200)
image_file = tk.PhotoImage(file=r"D:\programme\web\web_file\web学习\images\image01.jpg") # 注意，只能导入.gif的图片
image = canvas.create_image(0, 0, anchor="nw", image=image_file).pack() # 锚点为左上角，西北方向
x0, y0, x1, y1 = 20, 50, 80, 80
line = canvas.create_line(x0, y0, x1, y1) # 画线
oval = canvas.create_oval(x0, y0, x1, y1, fill="red") # 绘制扇形
arc = canvas.create_arc(x0 + 30, y0 + 30, x1 + 30, x1 + 30, y1 + 30, start=0, extent=180) # 扇形
rect = canvas.create_rectangle(100, 30, 100 + 20, 30 + 20) # 绘制正方形
canvas.pack()
def moveit():
canvas.move(rect, 0, 2) # 移动正方形，使其往下走两个单位
a = tk.Button(window, text="move", command=moveit).pack()
window.mainloop() # 显示窗口案例八
Menubar 菜单
import tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk() # 实例化Tk
window.title("my window") # 设置标题
window.geometry("200x200") # 设置窗口的大小
count = 0
l = tk.Label(window, text="", bg="yellow")
l.pack()
def do_job():
global count
l.config(text=f"do{str(count)}")
count += 1
"""定义文件选项"""
mb = tk.Menu(window)
file = tk.Menu(mb, tearoff=0) # 有没有分隔线
mb.add_cascade(label="File", menu=file) # 添加一个功能
file.add_command(label="New", command=do_job) # 每一个选项都是一个功能，命令
file.add_command(label="Open", command=do_job)
file.add_command(label="Save", command=do_job)
sm = tk.Menu(file) # 在File里面继续添加命令
file.add_cascade(label="Submit", menu=sm)
sm.add_command(label="New", command=do_job)
window.config(menu=mb) # 将菜单添加到window上面
window.mainloop() # 显示窗口案例九
Frame 框架
import tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk() # 实例化Tk
window.title("my window") # 设置标题
window.geometry("200x200") # 设置窗口的大小
tk.Label(window, text="on the window").pack()
# 添加框架
fm = tk.Frame(window)
fm.pack()
fm_1 = tk.Frame(fm)
fm_r = tk.Frame(fm)
fm_1.pack(side="left")
fm_r.pack(side="right")
tk.Label(fm_1, text="on the frame_1").pack()
tk.Label(fm_r, text="on the frame_r").pack()
window.mainloop() # 显示窗口
案例十
messagebox 弹窗
import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.messagebox
window = tk.Tk() # 实例化Tk
window.title("my window") # 设置标题
window.geometry("200x200") # 设置窗口的大小
def hit_me():
tk.messagebox.showinfo(title="hi", message="hit") # 注意，要导入模块，还有showwarning, showerror,
"""
tkinter.messagebox.askokcancel('提示', '要执行此操作吗')#确定/取消，返回值true/false
tkinter.messagebox.askquestion('提示', '要执行此操作吗')#是/否，返回值yes/no
tkinter.messagebox.askyesno('提示', '要执行此操作吗')#是/否，返回值true/false
tkinter.messagebox.askretrycancel('提示', '要执行此操作吗')#重试/取消，返回值true/false
文件对话框
import tkinter.filedialog
a = tkinter.filedialog.asksaveasfilename()#返回文件名
print(a)
a = tkinter.filedialog.asksaveasfile()#会创建文件
a = tkinter.filedialog.askopenfilename()#返回文件名
a = tkinter.filedialog.askopenfile()#返回文件流对象
a = tkinter.filedialog.askdirectory()#返回目录名
a = tkinter.filedialog.askopenfilenames()#可以返回多个文件名
a = tkinter.filedialog.askopenfiles()#多个文件流对象
tk.Button(window, text="hit me", command=hit_me).pack()
window.mainloop() # 显示窗口案例十一
pack grid place 放置
import tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk() # 实例化Tk
window.title("my window") # 设置标题
window.geometry("200x200") # 设置窗口的大小
# tk.Label(window, text="pack").pack(side="top")
# tk.Label(window, text="pack").pack(side="bottom")
# tk.Label(window, text="pack").pack(side="left")
# tk.Label(window, text="pack").pack(side="right")
# for i in range(4): # 行
# for j in range(3): # 列
# tk.Label(window, text="grid").grid(row=i, column=j, padx=10, pady=10) # 以方格的形式放置
tk.Label(window, text="place").place(x=100, y=100, anchor="nw") # 点的形式
window.mainloop() # 显示窗口登录窗口
import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.messagebox
window = tk.Tk() # 实例化Tk
window.title("login") # 设置标题
window.geometry("450x300") # 设置窗口的大小
user_info = [{"name": "admin", "pwd": "1"}, {"name": "user", "pwd": "1"}] # 存储账号信息
# 定义函数
def login():
user_info_name = [i["name"] for i in user_info]
user_info_pwd = [i["pwd"] for i in user_info]
user_name = var_user_name.get()
user_pwd = var_pwd.get()
if user_name in user_info_name:
if user_pwd == user_info_pwd[user_info_name.index(user_name)]:
tk.messagebox.showinfo(title="欢迎回来", message="How are you")
else:
tk.messagebox.showerror(message="pwd error")
else:
answer = tk.messagebox.askquestion(title="warn", message="您还没有账号，是否需要注册？")
if answer:
sign()
def sign():
def store():
new_pwd1 = new_pwd.get()
new_user_name1 = new_user_name.get()
user_info.append({"name": new_user_name1, "pwd": new_pwd1})
tk.messagebox.showinfo(message="注册成功")
window_sign.destroy() # 关闭窗口
def close():
window_sign.destroy()
window_sign = tk.Toplevel(window) # 窗口上的窗口
window_sign.geometry("350x200")
window_sign.title("Sign up window")
# user
tk.Label(window_sign, text="Name:").place(x=60, y=60)
new_user_name = tk.StringVar() # 注意要使用.get()得到值
new_user_name.set("exampe@python.com") # 默认值
tk.Entry(window_sign, textvariable=new_user_name).place(x=90, y=60) # 输入用户名
# pwd
tk.Label(window_sign, text="Pwd:").place(x=60, y=100)
new_pwd = tk.StringVar()
tk.Entry(window_sign, textvariable=new_pwd, show="*").place(x=90, y=100) # 输入密码
# 确认按钮
tk.Button(window_sign, text="确认", command=store).place(x=100, y=140)
# 取消按钮
tk.Button(window_sign, text="取消", command=close).place(x=170, y=140)
if __name__ == '__main__':
tk.Label(window, text="User Name:").place(x=50, y=50)
var_user_name = tk.StringVar() # 注意要使用.get()得到值
var_user_name.set("exampe@python.com") # 默认值
tk.Entry(window, textvariable=var_user_name).place(x=130, y=50) # 输入用户名
tk.Label(window, text="Password:").place(x=50, y=90)
var_pwd = tk.StringVar()
tk.Entry(window, textvariable=var_pwd, show="*").place(x=130, y=90) # 输入密码
# login Button
tk.Button(window, text="Login", command=login).place(x=130, y=130) # 登录按钮
# sign Button
tk.Button(window, text="Sign Up", command=sign).place(x=200, y=130) # 注册按钮
window.mainloop() # 显示窗口