编译 | 李言
Science, 23 DEC 2022, Volume 378 Issue 6626
《科学》2022年12月23日，第378卷，6626期
材料科学Materials Science
Three-dimensional nanofabrication via ultrafast laser patterning and kinetically regulated material assembly
基于超快激光图案和动态调节材料组装的3D纳米制造
▲ 作者：FEI HAN, SONGYUN GU, ALEKS KLIMAS et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm8420
▲ 摘要：
我们提出了一种使用多种材料制造任意3D纳米结构的方法，材料包括金属、金属合金、2D材料、氧化物、金刚石、上转换材料、半导体、聚合物、生物材料、分子晶体和墨水。
具体来说，我们将由飞秒激光制作的水凝胶用作模板，直接组装材料去形成设计好的纳米结构。通过曝光策略和图形凝胶特征的精细调整，我们制作了20及200纳米分辨率下的2D和3D纳米结构。
我们制作了包括加密光学存储和微电极在内的纳米设备，以演示这些设备的设计的功能和精度。这些结果表明，我们的方法为不同种类的材料的纳米制造提供了一个系统的解决方案，并为智能纳米设备的设计带来了进一步的可能性。
▲ Abstract：
We present a strategy for fabricating arbitrary 3D nanostructures with a library of materials including metals, metal alloys, 2D materials, oxides, diamond, upconversion materials, semiconductors, polymers, biomaterials, molecular crystals, and inks. Specifically, hydrogels patterned by femtosecond light sheets are used as templates that allow for direct assembly of materials to form designed nanostructures. By fine-tuning the exposure strategy and features of the patterned gel, 2D and 3D structures of 20- to 200-nm resolution are realized. We fabricated nanodevices, including encrypted optical storage and microelectrodes, to demonstrate their designed functionality and precision. These results show that our method provides a systematic solution for nanofabrication across different classes of materials and opens up further possibilities for the design of sophisticated nanodevices
Compositional texture engineering for highly stable wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells
高稳定宽带隙钙钛太阳能电池的组成结构设计
▲ 作者：QI JIANG, JINHUI TONG, REBECCA A. SCHEIDT et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf0194
▲ 摘要：
我们通过将快速溴结晶与温和的气淬方法相结合，制备了缺陷密度更低的、高纹理柱状1.75 eV 溴-碘混合宽禁带钙钛矿薄膜。通过这种方法，我们获得了1.75 eV的宽禁带钙钛矿太阳能电池，其功率转换效率大于20%，开路电压约为1.33 V，且具有良好的运行稳定性。
当进一步与1.25 eV窄带隙钙钛矿太阳能电池集成时，我们获得了27.1%的高效全钙钛矿双端串联设备，开路电压高达2.2 V。
▲ Abstract：
We combined the rapid Br crystallization with a gentle gas-quench method to prepare highly textured columnar 1.75–electron volt Br–I mixed WBG perovskite films with reduced defect density. With this approach, we obtained 1.75–electron volt WBG PSCs with greater than 20% power conversion efficiency, approximately 1.33-volt open-circuit voltage (Voc), and excellent operational stability (less than 5% degradation over 1100 hours of operation under 1.2 sun at 65°C). When further integrated with 1.25–electron volt narrow-bandgap PSC, we obtained a 27.1% efficient, all-perovskite, two-terminal tandem device with a high Voc of 2.2 volts.
物理学Physics
Ionocaloric refrigeration cycle
离子热制冷循环
▲ 作者：DREW LILLEY AND RAVI PRASHER
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade1696
▲ 摘要：
我们提出，使用离子热效应和伴随而来的热力学循环，作为一种基于热量的全冷凝相冷却技术。理论和实验结果表明，在低应用场强作用下，与其他热效应相比，这一效应具有更高的绝热温度变化和熵变。
我们证实了一个使用离子热斯特林制冷循环的实用系统的可能性。我们的实验结果展示了相对于卡诺的性能系数为30%，以及在~0.22伏的电压强度下温度可提升25度。
▲ Abstract：
We propose using the ionocaloric effect and the accompanying thermodynamic cycle as a caloric-based, all–condensed-phase cooling technology. Theoretical and experimental results show higher adiabatic temperature change and entropy change per unit mass and volume compared with other caloric effects under low applied field strengths. We demonstrated the viability of a practical system using an ionocaloric Stirling refrigeration cycle. Our experimental results show a coefficient of performance of 30% relative to Carnot and a temperature lift as high as 25°C using a voltage strength of ~0.22 volts.
High-entropy mechanism to boost ionic conductivity
促进离子电导性的高熵机制
▲ 作者：YAN ZENG, BIN OUYANG, JUE LIU et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq1346
▲ 摘要：
我们证明了高熵金属阳离子混合物提高化合物中离子电导性的能力，这一特性可以减少对特定化学物质的依赖同时增强合成能力。引入高熵材料的局部畸变导致碱离子的位置能量分布重叠，使得碱离子能以较低的活化能进行渗透。
实验证明，高熵导致了锂-钠超离子导体、钠超离子导体和锂-石榴石结构的离子电导性达到更高数量级，即使在碱含量固定的情况下也是如此。
▲ Abstract：
We demonstrate the ability of high-entropy metal cation mixes to improve ionic conductivity in a compound, which leads to less reliance on specific chemistries and enhanced synthesizability. The local distortions introduced into high-entropy materials give rise to an overlapping distribution of site energies for the alkali ions so that they can percolate with low activation energy. Experiments verify that high entropy leads to orders-of-magnitude higher ionic conductivities in lithium (Li)–sodium (Na) superionic conductor (Li-NASICON), sodium NASICON (Na-NASICON), and Li-garnet structures, even at fixed alkali content.
Nanoscale covariance magnetometry with diamond quantum sensors
金刚石量子传感器的纳米尺度协方差磁力测定
▲ 作者：JARED ROVNY, ZHIYANG YUAN, MATTIAS FITZPATRICK et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade9858
▲ 摘要：
在此，我们提出并实现了一种可以同时测量两个或多个氮空位（NV）中心的传感方式。同时，我们从它们的信号中提取出了其他方式无法获得的时间和空间相关性。
我们使用两个NV中心的自旋-电荷读数演示了如何测量相关应用噪音，并实现了可消除局部和非局部噪声音源的光谱重建方法。
▲ Abstract：
Here, we propose and implement a sensing modality whereby two or more NV centers are measured simultaneously, and we extract temporal and spatial correlations in their signals that would otherwise be inaccessible. We demonstrate measurements of correlated applied noise using spin-to-charge readout of two NV centers and implement a spectral reconstruction protocol for disentangling local and nonlocal noise sources.
生物学Biology
Glassfrogs conceal blood in their liver to maintain transparency
玻璃蛙通过血液隐藏在肝脏中以保持透明
▲ 作者：CARLOS TABOADA, JESSE DELIA, MAOMAO CHEN et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl6620
▲ 摘要：
动物的透明化是一种复杂的伪装形式，涉及到减少光在整个生物体中的散射和吸收的机制。因为脊椎动物的循环系统中充满了可以强烈衰减光线的红细胞（RBCs），实现身体透明化是很难的。
在此，我们记录了玻璃蛙是如何通过隐藏这些细胞从而克服这一挑战的。通过使用光声成像来跟踪体内的红细胞，我们展示了睡眠时的玻璃蛙是如何通过从体内循环中转移89%的红细胞并将它们包装在肝脏中，将身体透明度提高2到3倍。
因此，脊椎动物的透明化既需要透明的组织，也需要能从这些组织中“清除”呼吸色素的活性机制。此外，玻璃蛙在不产生凝血的情况下也能调节红细胞的位置、密度和储存的能力，为代谢、血液动力学和血凝块研究提供了思路。
▲ Abstract：
Transparency in animals is a complex form of camouflage involving mechanisms that reduce light scattering and absorption throughout the organism. In vertebrates, attaining transparency is difficult because their circulatory system is full of red blood cells (RBCs) that strongly attenuate light. Here, we document how glassfrogs overcome this challenge by concealing these cells from view. Using photoacoustic imaging to track RBCs in vivo, we show that resting glassfrogs increase transparency two- to threefold by removing ~89% of their RBCs from circulation and packing them within their liver. Vertebrate transparency thus requires both see-through tissues and active mechanisms that “clear” respiratory pigments from these tissues. Furthermore, glassfrogs’ ability to regulate the location, density, and packing of RBCs without clotting offers insight in metabolic, hemodynamic, and blood-clot research.