上有日月星辰，下有汪洋深渊，大观宇宙洪荒，小处见微尘粒子。千百年来，人类社会的进步总是伴随着对自然规律的追问，和对科学真理的探索。
日前，中央广播电视总台发布了2021年度国内十大科技新闻和国际十大科技新闻。就让我们一起来看看，在即将过去的2021年里，科学家们为改变世界都做了些什么吧~
2021国内十大科技新闻
1. 中国“人造太阳”创亿度百秒世界新纪录
China's "artificial sun" nuclear fusion reactor in Hefei, capital of east China's Anhui Province, has set a new world record after running at the temperature of 120 million degrees Celsius for 101 seconds in May, laying the foundation for the country to build its own nuclear fusion energy station in the future.
2. 中国空间站开启有人长期驻留时代
China's unfinished space station has welcomed two batches of taikonauts for months-long stay. TheShenzhou-12 crew, including three taikonauts, entered the space station's core module Tianhe in mid-June and lived there for three months till mid-September. The Shenzhou-13 crew, including a female taikonaut and her two male colleagues, arrived at Tianhe in mid-October and will stay there for six months.
3. “天问一号”成功实现火星着陆
The rover of China's first Mars probe Tianwen-1 touched down on the red planet on May 15. It landed at a pre-selected landing zone in the southern part of an icy area of the planet known as Utopia Planitia.
China launched the Mars probe, which consists of an orbiter, a lander and a rover, on July 23 last year, aiming to complete orbiting, landing and roving in one mission.
4.中国新冠灭活疫苗III期临床实验结果在全球首次发表
Two COVID-19 vaccines developed by China's Sinopharm have shown an efficacy of over 72 percent in large-scale phase-3 clinical trials, according to a study published inThe Journalof the American Medical Association in May.
It is the world's first published phase-3 study results of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines, according to the company.
5. 中国首次实现淀粉的全人工合成
Chinese scientists have become the first in the world to develop an artificial method of synthesizing starch from carbon dioxide (CO2).
The study, published online in the journalSciencein September, was conducted by Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology under the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The new approach makes it possible to alter starch production from traditional agricultural planting to industrial manufacturing and opens up a new technical route for synthesizing complex molecules from CO2, according to the researchers.
6.我国首个超导量子计算原型机“祖冲之号”问世
A group of researchers from the University of Science and Technology of China in China in May designed and made the country's first superconducting quantum computer prototype, named "Zu Chongzhi" after the accomplished Chinese mathematician from the fifth century.
The study, led by renowned Chinese quantum physicist Pan Jianwei, was published in the top scientific journalSciencein May.
7.“深海一号”能源站正式投产
China's first self-operated 1.5-kilometer deep-water gas exploration platform, "Deep Sea No. 1," started production on June 25.
Located in south China's Hainan Province, it is expected to supply 3 billion cubic meters of deep-sea natural gas each year to Guangdong, Hainan and Hong Kong.
8.我国科学家观测到迄今宇宙中最高能量光子
Chinese scientists have detected photons with energies exceeding 1 Peta-electron volt (quadrillion electron-volts or PeV), 100 times more than the record high achieved by any man-made accelerator on Earth. One photon with an energy of 1.4 PeV was detected, the highest value ever observed by humans.
The finding was based on the observations of China's Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory, one of the country's key national science and technology infrastructure facilities, which is under construction in Daocheng, southwest China's Sichuan Province.
The discovery was published in the journalNaturein May.
9.“嫦娥五号”月球样品揭示月球演化奥秘
Chinese scientists have discovered that lunar volcanic activities existed about 800 million to 900 million years later than previously thought after analyzing lunar samples collected and brought back by the Chang'e-5 mission, suggesting the moon cooled down much more slowly.
Researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Geology and Geophysics presented their results in three papers published inNaturein October.
10.“海斗一号”无人潜水器跨入万米科考应用新阶段
China's self-developed unmanned submersible "Haidou-1" has realized large-scale, full acoustic detection cruise and probe at Challenger Deep in Mariana Trench for the first time with a max diving depth of 10,908 meters and a consecutive working time of over eight hours.
2021国际十大科技新闻
1.联合国生物多样性大会通过“昆明宣言”
The first part of the COP15 UN Biodiversity Conference was held from October 11 to 15 in southwest China's Kunming City. The conference saw the adoption of the Kunming Declaration. It commits to securing an effective post-2020 global biodiversity framework, reversing the current loss of biodiversity, and ensuring that biodiversity is put on a path to recovery by 2030.
2. 人工智能算法“阿尔法折叠”实现蛋白质三维结构的精准预测
An AI system has solved a 50-year-old protein folding problem in hours. AlphaFold, created by DeepMind, can rapidly and accurately predict how proteins fold to get their 3D shapes. This complex problem had troubled researchers for decades. The breakthrough will help scientists design drugs and understand diseases.
3. 多国科学家联合公布史上最详细的三维宇宙图
Global astrophysicists published the largest-ever 3D map of the universe in July. The map relies on the latest observations of a 20-year long project called the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. It reveals a complete expansion history of the universe over billions of years.
4.中俄将合作建设国际月球科研站
China and Russia revealed their road map for a joint International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) in June. The plan guides their collaboration and development in the project. Chinese and Russian space officials noted that the ILRS might involve other stakeholders, other countries and private organizations.
5. “中国天眼”FAST正式对全球科学界开放
China's Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST), the world's largest single-dish radio telescope, opened to global scientists and began accepting observation applications from astronomers starting from March 31.
6. 美国“毅力号”成功降落火星
Perseverance, the biggest, most advanced rover ever sent into orbit by NASA, became the ninth U.S. spacecraft to successfully land on Mars in February. The six-wheeled rover had survived its perilous descent and arrived within its target zone inside Jezero Crater, a 45-kilometer-wide basin located on the planet's northern hemisphere.
7. 中国新冠抗体药物JS016安全有效性获世界认可
The Institute of Microbiology under the Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed an antiviral medicine for COVID-19, called JS016. The medication has been used for emergency treatment both domestically and overseas.
8. 中国构建天地一体化广域量子通信网
Chinese researchers have made a crucial breakthrough in quantum communication, boosting the future development of secure satellite-based long-distance and global quantum communication networks. The network enabled the direct transmission of confidential information among the users connected by the network for the first time.
9. 德国物理学家研发出迄今最小的生物超级电容器
German scientists have developed what they say is the smallest microsupercapacitor in the world. Measured 0.001 cubic millimeters, the microsupercapacitor is being used in artificial blood vessels and can be used as an energy source for a tiny sensor system to measure pH.
10.中外科学家对首个恒星级黑洞做出精确测量
Astronomers from China, the U.S. and Australia have reported new observations on the first black hole ever detected, according to research published in February. Named Cygnus X-1, the black hole system contains a stellar-mass black hole with a 21 solar mass that rotates at a speed close to the speed of light, according to the study.
来源：CGTN