用户体验设计师、交互设计师、平面设计师、动画设计师、前端研发人员……在设计这个领域里，有很多不同的角色，并且一直有新的角色出现，弄清楚每个角色的职能能帮助公司更好地招聘到符合公司发展需求的“设计师”。
原文链接：https://www.fastcodesign.com/3032719/ui-ux-who-does-what-a-designers-guide-to-the-tech-industry
翻译/校对：蘑菇头
How Apple, Facebook, Google, and more tech-world heavyweights describe their design jobs.
苹果、Facebook、谷歌等等高科技巨头公司的设计师们如何描述他们的设计工作。
Design is a rather broad and vague term. When someone says "I'm a designer," it is not immediately clear what they actually do day to day. There are a number of different responsibilities encompassed by the umbrella term designer.
设计是一个相当广泛而模糊的术语。当有人说“我是一个设计师”,你并不能马上搞清楚他们每天的工作是什么。设计呈伞状结构存在，其下有各种角色，承担各自的职能。
Design-related roles exist in a range of areas from industrial design (cars, furniture) to print (magazines, other publications) to tech (websites, mobile apps). With the relatively recent influx of tech companies focused on creating interfaces for screens, many new design roles have emerged. Job titles like UX or UI designer are confusing to the uninitiated and unfamiliar even to designers who come from other industries.
与设计相关的角色存在于工业设计(汽车、家具)打印(杂志、其他出版物)以及技术(网站、移动应用程序)等多个领域中。近来，专注于创建接口屏幕的新型科技公司的加入,更是带动了许多新的设计职位的出现。对于新手和来自其它行业的设计师来说，他们对于如用户体验或UI设计师这样的职位并不熟悉。
Let's attempt to distill what each of these titles really mean within the context of the tech industry.
让我们通过科技公司的案例来弄清楚每一个职位的职能。
A given design problem has no single right answer.
在设计领域，一个既有的问题，解决方案并不唯一。
UX DESIGNER (USER EXPERIENCE DESIGNER)
用户体验设计师
UX designers are primarily concerned with how the product feels. A given design problem has no single right answer. UX designers explore many different approaches to solving a specific user problem. The broad responsibility of a UX designer is to ensure that the product logically flows from one step to the next. One way that a UX designer might do this is by conducting in-person user tests to observe one's behavior. By identifying verbal and non-verbal stumbling blocks, they refine and iterate to create the "best" user experience. An example project is creating a delightful onboarding flow for a new user.
用户体验设计师最关心的问题是用户对产品的感觉如何。对于既有的问题，解决方案可以有很多种。对于某个具体的用户体验问题，用户体验设计师们常常会提出很多的解决方案。用户体验设计师的主要的职责是确保产品与预估的一样从一个环节流通到下一个。用户体验设计师们会逐个对用户进行测试，并观察用户在测试过程中的行为表现。他们通过识别语言和非语言障碍,并进行提炼和迭代，以创建“最好”的用户体验。对新用户来说，这样的活动就像是进行一次愉快的新员工培训。
-Experience Designer Job Description at Twitter
-Twitter的用户体验设计师的工作
"Define interaction models, user task flows, and UI specifications. Communicate scenarios, end-to-end experiences, interaction models, and screen designs to stakeholders. Work with our creative director and visual designers to incorporate the visual identity of Twitter into features. Develop and maintain design wireframes, mockups, and specifications as needed."
“定义交互模型、用户任务流和UI规范。沟通场景,端到端体验、交互模型、屏幕设计。与我们的创意总监和平面设计师一起工作将Twitter的视觉识别与特性结合。根据需要开发和维护设计线框图、模型和规范。”
Deliverables: Wireframes of screens, storyboards, sitemap
成果:屏幕线框,故事板,网站地图
Tools of the trade: Photoshop, Sketch, Illustrator, Fireworks, InVision
操作工具: Photoshop, Sketch, Illustrator, Fireworks, InVision
You might hear them say this in the wild: "We should show users the 'Thank You' page once they have finished signing up."
私底下你经常能听到他们说:“我们应该让用户完成注册后马上就能看到“感谢使用”的界面。”
UI DESIGNER (USER INTERFACE DESIGNER)
UI设计人员(用户界面设计师)
Unlike UX designers who are concerned with the overall feel of the product, user interface designers are particular about how the product is laid out. They are in charge of designing each screen or page with which a user interacts and ensuring that the UI visually communicates the path that a UX designer has laid out. For example, a UI designer creating an analytics dashboard might front load the most important content at the top, or decide whether a slider or a control knob makes the most intuitive sense to adjust a graph. UI designers are also typically responsible for creating a cohesive style guide and ensuring that a consistent design language is applied across the product. Maintaining consistency in visual elements and defining behavior such as how to display error or warning states fall under the purview of a UI designer.
与用户体验设计师关心的是产品的整体感觉不同,用户界面设计师们更关心的是产品的设计方式。他们负责设计每个与用户进行交互的屏幕页面,并确保用户界面视觉传达的路径跟用户体验设计师所规划的路径吻合。例如,UI设计人员会创建一个置顶分析仪表盘，这个仪表盘的前端可能负载着重要内容,又或者决定某个滑块或控制旋钮是否直观上和图表匹配。UI设计人员通常还负责创建一个有凝聚力的风格指南,以确保全部的产品设计风格一致。保持视觉元素的风格一致性以及决定如何弹出错误或警告说明，这些，都属于一个UI设计师的职责范围。
-UI Designer job description at Airbnb
-Airbnb UI设计师的工作
"Concept and implement the visual language of Airbnb.com. Create and advance site-wide style guides."
“Airbnb视觉语言的概念和实现手段。创建和发展全站风格指南。”
The boundary between UI and UX designers is fairly blurred and it is not uncommon for companies to opt to combine these roles.
UI和UX的设计师之间的界限非常模糊,一些公司把这两个职位当成一个职位看待，这样的现象很常见。
Tools of the trade: Photoshop, Sketch, Illustrator, Fireworks
操作工具: Photoshop, Sketch, Illustrator, Fireworks
You might hear them say this in the wild: "The login and sign up links should be moved to the top right corner.”
私底下你能经常听到他们说：“登录和注册链接应该放到右上角。”
VISUAL DESIGNER (GRAPHIC DESIGNER)
视觉设计师(平面设计师)
A visual designer is the one who pushes pixels. If you ask a non-designer what a designer does, this is probably what comes to mind first. Visual designers are not concerned with how screens link to each other, nor how someone interacts with the product. Instead, their focus is on crafting beautiful icons, controls, and visual elements and making use of suitable typography. Visual designers sweat the small details that others overlook and frequently operate at the 4X to 8X zoom level in Photoshop.
视觉设计师的工作就是推动像素。如果你问外行人一个设计师的职能是什么,这可能是他脑中首先想到的答案。视觉设计师不关心屏幕之间如何相互链接,也不关心用户怎么与产品进行交互。他们关心的，是如何制作漂亮的图标,控制元件和视觉元素,并对它们进行相应的排版。视觉设计师专注于研究其他设计师忽略的小细节,他们的工作经常就是在Photoshop上进行4x到8 x之间的像素缩放。
-Visual Designer job description at Google
-谷歌的平面设计师的工作
"Produce high-quality visual designs—from concept to execution, including those for desktop, web, and mobile devices at a variety of resolutions (icons, graphics, and marketing materials). Create and iterate on assets that reflect a brand, enforce a language, and inject beauty and life into a product."
“从概念到执行,生产高质量的设计品，如图标、图片以及其他营销材料等不同的表现形式，用于包括桌面、网络和移动设备等场景中。创建和迭代能反映品牌的文化,使用一种语言,并将美和生活元素注入产品中。”
It is also fairly common for UI designers to pull double duty and create the final pixel perfect assets. Some companies choose not to have a separate visual designer role.
UI设计师有时也会身兼两职，负责完稿部分的职责。一些公司再单独招聘一个视觉设计师。
Tools of the trade: Photoshop, Sketch
操作工具: Photoshop, Sketch
You might hear them say this in the wild: "The kerning is off and the button should be 1 pixel to the left!"
私底下你经常能听到他们说:“字体不够突出，按钮左移一个像素”
INTERACTION DESIGNER (MOTION DESIGNER)
交互设计师(动画设计师)
Remember the subtle bouncing animation when you pull to refresh in the Mail app on your iPhone? That's the work of a motion designer. Unlike visual designers who usually deal with static assets, motion designers create animation inside an app. They deal with what the interface does after a user touches it. For example, they decide how a menu should slide in, what transition effects to use, and how a button should fan out. When done well, motion becomes an integral part of the interface by providing visual clues as to how to use the product.
记得在你刷新iPhone应用程序的时候的跳跃的邮件吗?这是一个动画设计师的工作。与视觉设计师通常处理静态元素不同,动画设计师的工作是创建APP里面的动画。他们处理的是用户接触产品后的交互问题。例如,他们决定菜单应该如何下滑,使用什么样的切换效果,以及一个按钮应该如何扇出。这一切结束之后，动画就成为了交互中不可或缺的一环，并用动画指导用户使用产品。
-Interaction Designer Job Description at apple
-苹果的交互设计师的工作
"Proficiency in graphic design, motion graphics, digital art, a sensitivity to typography and color, a general awareness of materials/textures, and a practical grasp of animation. Knowledge of iOS, OS X, Photoshop and Illustrator as well as familiarity with Director (or equivalent), Quartz Composer (or equivalent), 3D computer modeling, motion graphics are required."
“精通平面设计、动画和数字艺术、对排版和色彩的敏感度,对材料和纹理的常识性认知 ,对动画的实际掌握程度。关于iOS,OS X,Photoshop、Illustrator运用程度以及对Director、Quartz Composer、 3 D计算机建模、动画制作等的熟练程度都是有要求的。”
Tools of the trade: AfterEffects, Core Composer, Flash, Origami
操作工具: AfterEffects, Core Composer, Flash, Origami
You might hear them say this in the wild: "The menu should ease-in from the left in 800ms."
私底下你可能经常听到他们说:“这个菜单应该从左边划入，运动时间设置为0.8秒。”
UX RESEARCHER (USER RESEARCHER)
用户体验研究员(用户研究员)
A UX researcher is the champion of a user's needs. The goal of a researcher is to answer the twin questions of "Who are our users?" and "What do our users want?" Typically, this role entails interviewing users, researching market data, and gathering findings. Design is a process of constant iteration. Researchers may assist with this process by conducting A/B tests to tease out which design option best satisfies user needs. UX researchers are typically mainstays at large companies, where the access to a plethora of data gives them ample opportunity to draw statistically significant conclusions.
用户体验研究员是最了解用户的需求的一个群体。他们进行研究的目标是为了回答“我们的用户是谁?”和“我们的用户想要什么?“这两个问题。通常情况下, 用户体验研究员需要调查用户,研究市场数据,并收集结果。设计是一个不断重复的过程。研究人员在这一过程协助进行A / B测试，以此来梳理出最满足用户需求的设计。在大公司里面，用户体验研究人员通常是中流砥柱,他们有机会获得大量的数据，得出精确的数据化结论。
-UX Researcher job description at Facebook
-Facebook用户体验研究员的工作
"Work closely with product teams to identify research topics. Design studies that address both user behavior and attitudes. Conduct research using a wide variety of qualitative methods and a subset of quantitative methods, such as surveys."
“与产品团队紧密合作,确定研究课题。调研处理的是用户的行为和态度的问题。进行研究时常常需要使用各种各样的定性方法和定量方法,如问卷调查。”
UX designers also occasionally carry out the role of UX researchers.
用户体验设计师偶尔也会扮演用户体验研究员的角色。
Deliverables: User personas, A/B test results, Investigative user studies & interviews
成果:用户角色,A / B测试结果,调查用户研究和访谈
Tools of the trade: Mic, Paper, Docs
操作工具:麦克风、纸张、文档
You might hear them say this in the wild: "From our research, a typical user..."
你可能会常听到他们的口头禅:“从我们的研究中,一个典型的用户……”
FRONT-END DEVELOPER (UI DEVELOPER)
前端开发人员(UI开发人员)
Front-end developers are responsible for creating a functional implementation of a product's interface. Usually, a UI designer hands off a static mockup to the front-end developer who then translates it into a working, interactive experience. Front-end developers are also responsible for coding the visual interactions that the motion designer comes up with.
前端开发人员负责创建一个用于进行产品交互的功能性接口。通常, UI设计师会将静态模型交给前端开发人员，前端开发人员负责将其转化成一个可操作的、具有交互性的互动体验接口。前端开发人员还负责对动画设计师提供的视觉互动作品进行编码。
Tools of the trade: CSS, HTML, JavaScript
操作工具:CSS,HTML,JavaScript
You might hear them say this in the wild: "I'm using a 960px 12-column grid system."
私底下经常会听到他们说:“我用的是960px网格系统。”
Showoff: Often times front end developers need to share their work with colleagues, clients or open source world. There are many tools for that, but simplest way is to get shared hosting and throw HTML files there. Here you can find top 10 web hosting reviews. Lots of useful information there. Pay attention to inmotion hosting review, as well as a2 hosting review.
展示:前端开发人员需要经常与同事客户展示自己的工作成果或将成果资源共享。有许多分享的方法,但最简单的方法是把HTML文件放到主机里面，让大家共享主机。
PRODUCT DESIGNER
产品设计师
Product designer is a catch-all term used to describe a designer who is generally involved in the creation of the look and feel of a product.
产品设计师是参与创建一个产品的外观和感观的设计师的统称。
The role of a product designer isn't well-defined and differs from one company to the next. A product designer may do minimal front-end coding, conduct user research, design interfaces, or create visual assets. From start to finish, a product designer helps identify the initial problem, sets benchmarks to address it, and then designs, tests, and iterates on different solutions.
产品设计师的角色职能并不明确,而且不同公司对产品设计师的定义也不同。产品设计师会做简单的前端编码,进行用户研究,设计接口,或设计平面作品。从开始到结束,产品设计师帮助定义最初的问题,并设定基准值来处理问题。然后设计,测试和不断重复不同的方案，并找到最终的解决方案。
Some companies use "UX designer" or simply "designer" as a catch-all term. Reading the job description is the best way to figure out how the company's design team divides the responsibilities.
一些公司使用“用户体验设计师”或简单的“设计师”作为负责这些职能的角色的统称。阅读职位描述是了解一个公司的设计团队如何划分职能的最好方法。
"Own all facets of design: interaction, visual, product, prototyping. Create pixel-perfect mocks and code for new features across web and mobile."
“拥有设计的所有方面:交互、视觉、产品、原型。创建可用于web和移动端的精确到像素的模型和代码。”
"I AM LOOKING FOR A DESIGNER"
“我们正在招聘设计师”
This is the single most common phase I hear from new startups. What they are usually looking for is someone who can do everything described above. They want someone who can make pretty icons, create A/B tested landing sites, logically arrange UI elements on screen, and maybe even do some front-end development. Due to the broad sweeping scope of this role, we usually hear smaller companies asking to hire a "designer" rather than being specific in their needs.
我经常听到新的创业公司说这样的话。他们通常寻找的是一个可以做到以上所有提到的职能的人。他们希望招的人可以做出漂亮的图标,创建A / B测试的着陆地点,让屏幕上的视觉元素符合逻辑,甚至做一些前端开发。由于这个角色需要承担的职能众多,我们通常听到小公司要求招聘“设计师”,而不是基于他们特定的需求招聘特定种类的设计师。
The boundaries between each of these various design roles are very fluid. Some UX designers are also expected to do interaction design, and often UI designers are expected to push pixels as well. The best way to look for the right person is to describe what you expect the designer to do within your company's process, and choose a title that best represents the primary task of that person.
以上这些角色时间并没有明确的界限。一些用户体验设计师想做交互设计,而UI设计人员也会想做平面设计师的活儿。寻找合适的人最好的方法是搞清楚你希望你的设计师做什么,并选择一个最贴近公司发展需求的设计师种类。